Spousal maintenance, also known as spousal support or alimony, is a financial payment made by one spouse or civil partner to the other on a regular basis to help meet their financial needs. While the legal term is “periodical payments,” many people refer to it as spousal maintenance for ease of understanding. In this article, we’ll use the term spousal maintenance, and note that “spouse” includes civil partners as well as husbands and wives.
What is the purpose of spousal maintenance?
The primary goal of spousal maintenance is to assist the financially weaker party as they transition to financial independence. In some cases, if financial independence is not achievable, payments may continue until one party passes away, although indefinite maintenance orders are now less common.
Courts carefully consider several factors to determine both the amount (known as the “quantum”) and the duration (known as the “term”) of spousal maintenance. Let’s explore who qualifies, how payments are calculated, and other essential details.
Who can apply for spousal maintenance?
Anyone going through a divorce or dissolving a civil partnership can request spousal maintenance. However, it is not a guaranteed part of a financial settlement. The court’s primary objective is to achieve financial independence for both parties where fair and possible.
It’s important to note that the higher-earning spouse will not automatically be required to pay spousal maintenance. Factors such as the length of the marriage, each party’s financial resources, and their earning capacities are all taken into account. Crucially, spousal maintenance is needs-based, not income-equalising.
How is spousal maintenance calculated?
There is no strict formula for calculating spousal maintenance. Instead, the court relies on detailed budgets prepared by both parties. These budgets should outline all essential monthly expenses, including mortgage or rent, utilities, groceries, fuel, and clothing, as well as discretionary expenses like holidays and entertainment.
- Payee’s Budget: Demonstrates the financial shortfall the receiving spouse needs to cover their reasonable expenses.
- Payer’s Budget: Establishes whether they have sufficient surplus income to meet the requested maintenance payments.
Both parties may need to adjust their expectations, as maintaining two separate households is often more expensive than maintaining one. Spousal maintenance is generally viewed as a temporary support mechanism, encouraging the payee to become financially self-sufficient.
How long does spousal maintenance last?
While courts in England and Wales are known for their generosity with spousal maintenance orders, permanent or “joint-lives” orders are increasingly rare. The court often imposes a fixed-term order, giving the recipient time to achieve financial independence.
If the parties can reach an agreement through solicitor negotiations, this can be formalized in a court order. If not, the court will make a determination. Documentation is crucial to ensure any agreed payments are enforceable.
What happens if my ex refuses to work?
Both parties are generally expected to maximize their earning capacity. If a spouse refuses to seek employment without a valid reason, the court may impute an income to them, assuming they could reasonably earn a specified amount.
What events can impact spousal maintenance?
1. Death
- Spousal maintenance usually ends upon the death of the paying party unless the order specifies otherwise.
2. Remarriage
- If the payee remarries, spousal maintenance automatically ceases.
- If the payer remarries, maintenance payments remain unaffected.
3. Cohabitation
- Cohabitation by the payee may be grounds for reducing or terminating spousal maintenance, but it is not automatic unless specified in the court order.
4. Change in Circumstances
- If either party’s financial situation changes, an application can be made to the court to vary the maintenance order. For example, the payer may request a reduction if they lose their job, while the payee may apply for an increase if their financial situation deteriorates.
How does child maintenance impact spousal maintenance?
Child maintenance is handled separately from spousal maintenance. Child-related expenses (such as school uniforms and extracurricular activities) are accounted for in a different budget.
For most families, child maintenance is calculated using the Child Maintenance Service (CMS) formula. In some cases, such as when the paying parent has a high income or lives abroad, the court may have the authority to determine child maintenance. Even if child maintenance is included in a court order, either party can apply to the CMS for a recalculation after 12 months.
Final thoughts
Spousal maintenance can be a complex and sensitive issue, with outcomes varying significantly depending on individual circumstances. Seeking legal advice is essential to ensure you understand your rights and responsibilities. Whether you are negotiating an agreement or pursuing a court application, professional support can help you achieve a fair resolution.
For more guidance on spousal maintenance or other family law matters, contact a qualified solicitor to explore your options.
